L.A. GOES CODING
Area Code
Noun
Introduction
In 1947 the phone company, AT&T, established the North American Numbering Plan Administration (NANPA) to “simplify and facilitate direct dialing of long distance calls” [2]. The plan called for 3 digit codes to be added to 7 digit numbers in order to place phone numbers in a particular region. Technological advancements to the telephone made this system both practical and necessary in order to facilitate the level of communication people desired to have through the phone lines. Since each 3 digit area code represented a certain city, region, or space people began to use the codes in ways much different from the practicalities of long distance calls.
The network of area codes was another way for an authoritative group, backed by the government, to instill control over society. However, the original intentions of the NANPA were to simplify calls by removing the operator and using the codes to direct calls to the appropriate regions. When members of society feel regulated by systems of control they tend to engage “with the urban topography in new and innovative ways, these ‘urban subcultures’ are extending the functionality of the planners’ original intentions” [3]. Utilitarian practices are molded into personalized fits for certain communities as a way for individuals to believe they are exercising a form of agency when in reality they are further emphasizing and reinforcing the supremacy of the private sector [Ibid].
As a product of the city's make-up both geographically and residentially, Los Angeles has always been a hot spot for subcultures. The increased numbers of immigrants relocating to Los Angeles in relation to the surface area of the county allows for a more diverse culture to arise. Indirectly, the NANPA provided Angelenos with a way to take a practical partitioning of the city and transform it into group and place identities, which involves assigning a universal reputation for all individuals in a group, based off of the area of the city they occupied. In order to accommodate the number of devices requiring phone numbers in Los Angeles County the NANPA had to further divide the city into smaller sub regions for the system to continue to work. As sub regions of the county became smaller and bounded by codes, it was easier for communities to utilize shared practices to define their group identity. The location a person chooses to live in is inevitably impacted by his or her social values and individualized routines, and in the restricted areas, these ways of life connected the community [4].
Since area codes are rooted in a physical space, they aided Angelenos in a successful placemaking process. This process involves the “influence of place on identity, the emotional significance of place, and the corresponding elements of place as motivation for local action” [5]. The new territories structured through and by the area codes in Los Angeles allowed for people to personalize the utilitarian system; they marginalized themselves in relation to the rest of the city [6]. This distinction was then institutionalized by the private sector to reinforce capitalism and allow for their supremacy to persist [Ibid]. Now that both the mainstream and the marginalized have adopted this alternative application of the system Angelenos have effectively established and continue to establish “boundaries around a particular group of people through the need to follow certain codes and practices” [Ibid].
Coding the Code
Growth and expansion of the telephone forced the creation of an automated system that would allow phone users to reach people spanned across the country without relying on an operator's memory. Dialing on a rotary phone was bothersome and in an effort to limit the anticipated opposition from the public, major cities were granted lower number, repetitive area codes that were easily remembered and dialed. After establishing a methodical coded system, the North American Numbering Plan Authority gave birth to The 213--otherwise known as Los Angeles.
From the San Fernando Valley to Muscle Beach of Venice, California is an extremely large area unified under 3 numbers. For some time these same three numbers stood for all of Los Angeles County. People near and far knew that a 213 number had roots in the rather young city that was seen as a blank canvas: Los Angeles—“The city of Dreams.” For long distance callers visions of endless opportunities, cutting edge culture, and paradise beaches came to mind when dialing 213.
Noun
- a three- digit code that identifies one of the telephone areas into which the US and certain other countries are divided and that precedes the local telephone number when dialing a call between areas [1]
Introduction
In 1947 the phone company, AT&T, established the North American Numbering Plan Administration (NANPA) to “simplify and facilitate direct dialing of long distance calls” [2]. The plan called for 3 digit codes to be added to 7 digit numbers in order to place phone numbers in a particular region. Technological advancements to the telephone made this system both practical and necessary in order to facilitate the level of communication people desired to have through the phone lines. Since each 3 digit area code represented a certain city, region, or space people began to use the codes in ways much different from the practicalities of long distance calls.
The network of area codes was another way for an authoritative group, backed by the government, to instill control over society. However, the original intentions of the NANPA were to simplify calls by removing the operator and using the codes to direct calls to the appropriate regions. When members of society feel regulated by systems of control they tend to engage “with the urban topography in new and innovative ways, these ‘urban subcultures’ are extending the functionality of the planners’ original intentions” [3]. Utilitarian practices are molded into personalized fits for certain communities as a way for individuals to believe they are exercising a form of agency when in reality they are further emphasizing and reinforcing the supremacy of the private sector [Ibid].
As a product of the city's make-up both geographically and residentially, Los Angeles has always been a hot spot for subcultures. The increased numbers of immigrants relocating to Los Angeles in relation to the surface area of the county allows for a more diverse culture to arise. Indirectly, the NANPA provided Angelenos with a way to take a practical partitioning of the city and transform it into group and place identities, which involves assigning a universal reputation for all individuals in a group, based off of the area of the city they occupied. In order to accommodate the number of devices requiring phone numbers in Los Angeles County the NANPA had to further divide the city into smaller sub regions for the system to continue to work. As sub regions of the county became smaller and bounded by codes, it was easier for communities to utilize shared practices to define their group identity. The location a person chooses to live in is inevitably impacted by his or her social values and individualized routines, and in the restricted areas, these ways of life connected the community [4].
Since area codes are rooted in a physical space, they aided Angelenos in a successful placemaking process. This process involves the “influence of place on identity, the emotional significance of place, and the corresponding elements of place as motivation for local action” [5]. The new territories structured through and by the area codes in Los Angeles allowed for people to personalize the utilitarian system; they marginalized themselves in relation to the rest of the city [6]. This distinction was then institutionalized by the private sector to reinforce capitalism and allow for their supremacy to persist [Ibid]. Now that both the mainstream and the marginalized have adopted this alternative application of the system Angelenos have effectively established and continue to establish “boundaries around a particular group of people through the need to follow certain codes and practices” [Ibid].
Coding the Code
Growth and expansion of the telephone forced the creation of an automated system that would allow phone users to reach people spanned across the country without relying on an operator's memory. Dialing on a rotary phone was bothersome and in an effort to limit the anticipated opposition from the public, major cities were granted lower number, repetitive area codes that were easily remembered and dialed. After establishing a methodical coded system, the North American Numbering Plan Authority gave birth to The 213--otherwise known as Los Angeles.
From the San Fernando Valley to Muscle Beach of Venice, California is an extremely large area unified under 3 numbers. For some time these same three numbers stood for all of Los Angeles County. People near and far knew that a 213 number had roots in the rather young city that was seen as a blank canvas: Los Angeles—“The city of Dreams.” For long distance callers visions of endless opportunities, cutting edge culture, and paradise beaches came to mind when dialing 213.
LA was able to use 213 to “subtly enforce the fallacy that L.A. was actually a coherent city rather than a mere patchwork” [7]. But, inevitably the 88 different cities within the single county limits of Los Angeles were diverse. Sure, there were zip codes that preceded area codes to separate different areas for mail purposes but zip codes are far less personal than an area code--people do not exchange zip codes in a colloquial conversation. However, exchanging numbers is likely, and allowed people to utilize technological advancements of the telephone in order to communicate at all times, even when they couldn’t be physically present. Progress with the telephone lead to alternative forms of identification, granting others access into an individual’s personal life that went beyond their first and last name.
In true LA fashion area codes beat the infamous San Andreas Fault line to breaking up the city.
In true LA fashion area codes beat the infamous San Andreas Fault line to breaking up the city.
Beginning in 1984 Los Angeles was acquiring an increasing amount of 3-digit area codes. The reality was that the population was growing directly with the amount of devices in need of numbers. Though the question developed: what was the method behind the coding madness? From the 818 to the 310, to the 909, 562, 626, 323, 661, and 424 section by section, piece by piece, the cities making up Los Angeles County were able to show their true colors. Area codes became a way for LA county residents to distinguish themselves and created a way for people to become attached to a specific physical space within the larger Los Angeles County. Individuals could no longer hide behind the veil of 213 that formerly stood as a blanket for Los Angeles. The introduction of multiple area codes did not just split up the city, but also instilled a pre-conceived notion about the individuals inhabiting the location marked by certain three digits.
By adapting area codes as a way to differentiate spaces in the city, Angelnos “’weren’t all in it together anymore…’” [Ibid]. 213 lost its ability to unify the city, forcing the partitioned sections to establish group identities that were distinguishable yet remained within the bounds of greater Los Angeles. Cities with a single area code commonly find a shared emotional connection to the numbers that physically conjure a space for residents to call home. It cultivates a community with a singular identity. There likely still exists subcultures in these cities but the singular area code provides a common unifying force that Los Angeles lacks.
The first people to become “others” in relation to those of the 213 were individuals whose home was the San Gabriel and San Fernando Valley[Ibid]. The suburban oasis could now be defined and understood by the 3 digits: 8-1-8. Since LA was the first city to take on more than one area code it took some time for people to adjust to the idea. Area codes were originally only important for economic reasons because the longer the distance of the call, the more money charged. Thus, it wasn’t a common practice to dial numbers outside of your own area code to avoid high phone bills. Now though, Los Angeles residents were presented with a situation where their business could be in the 213 but their residence may be in the 818. Everyone from business owners to bachelors worried that business would decrease as a consequence of 213 Angelenos thinking a 818 call was long distance. The anxiety was justified and real—even Elaine becomes less desirable after she loses her 212 status.
By adapting area codes as a way to differentiate spaces in the city, Angelnos “’weren’t all in it together anymore…’” [Ibid]. 213 lost its ability to unify the city, forcing the partitioned sections to establish group identities that were distinguishable yet remained within the bounds of greater Los Angeles. Cities with a single area code commonly find a shared emotional connection to the numbers that physically conjure a space for residents to call home. It cultivates a community with a singular identity. There likely still exists subcultures in these cities but the singular area code provides a common unifying force that Los Angeles lacks.
The first people to become “others” in relation to those of the 213 were individuals whose home was the San Gabriel and San Fernando Valley[Ibid]. The suburban oasis could now be defined and understood by the 3 digits: 8-1-8. Since LA was the first city to take on more than one area code it took some time for people to adjust to the idea. Area codes were originally only important for economic reasons because the longer the distance of the call, the more money charged. Thus, it wasn’t a common practice to dial numbers outside of your own area code to avoid high phone bills. Now though, Los Angeles residents were presented with a situation where their business could be in the 213 but their residence may be in the 818. Everyone from business owners to bachelors worried that business would decrease as a consequence of 213 Angelenos thinking a 818 call was long distance. The anxiety was justified and real—even Elaine becomes less desirable after she loses her 212 status.
*Important to note that this scene about New York Area codes was filmed in the comforts of the CBS Radford Studios located in the distant 818 of Los Angeles
More people came to Los Angeles, more people acquired phones, and more area codes were needed. The next split from the 213 came with the introduction of the 310. Personally, I am biased to this addition, as I am 3-1-0 born and raised, and proud of it. When in Southern California I know I can use this code to let people know that I’m from LA, but not really. Originally including all of Western, Eastern, and Southern LA County the 310 became limited to the Western and Southern coastal regions of the county starting in 1997. As exclusivity of this area code increased, the population size with the ability to use 3-1-0, as a source of identification, decreased making certain Angelenos, like Blake Nosratin, feel a stronger attachment and connection with the 3-digit code. Blake says…
“My area code is 310, which encompasses most of the west side (the more affluent parts of the city). I’ve always been somewhat proud of my area code.
I think there exists a socioeconomic hierarchy among area codes that only Angelenos would understand… For example:
The 818 area code covers much of the San Fernando Valley, which is considered a less desirable place to live than West LA
The 323 area code is fairly well known and historic because it covers much of Hollywood and some of the oldest parts of town
You can certainly make a lot of assumptions about someone’s social status, education, etc. based on their area code… it’s a subtle form of social capital”
Blake doesn’t even find it necessary to discuss the 909, 562, 626, 661, 424, or the original 213. After gaining distinguishing area codes these areas may have become easier to forget. No longer able to use the illusion of the 213, Angelenos were stripped of the ability to take on a place-based identity other than their own to more appropriately engage in a social interaction.
Los Angeles County currently contains 88 cities and covers 14 different area codes, placing people and their phones in very particular spaces of the urban fabric. More area codes makes it much easier to superficially categorize spaces. Subversive cultures in Los Angeles have molded the pragmatic order to enhance society’s “’imbued public meaning’” of certain territory [8]. Los Angeles gang culture has taken particular interest in making the most of the utilitarian practice. Gangs use area codes in order to reinforce their territory. While the majority of a singular gang’s activity takes place in a smaller local area “gangs may claim ownership of wide territorial regions” for protection purposes [9]. Ideally gangs respect each other’s territory and the area code boundaries laid out previously accepted barriers for these groups to take advantage of. As a result, deeper connections have been made between area codes and gangs as many gang members consider their gang an extension of their family. It is customary in gang culture for members to carry an extreme amount of pride for not only their brothers but also the territory in the city that they ‘own’ and protect. Further personalizing the realistic nature of area codes has made pride in these 3 digit codes very visible in the city through graffiti, tattoos, and apparel, which all reinforce the capital structure that implemented the coded network.
“My area code is 310, which encompasses most of the west side (the more affluent parts of the city). I’ve always been somewhat proud of my area code.
I think there exists a socioeconomic hierarchy among area codes that only Angelenos would understand… For example:
The 818 area code covers much of the San Fernando Valley, which is considered a less desirable place to live than West LA
The 323 area code is fairly well known and historic because it covers much of Hollywood and some of the oldest parts of town
You can certainly make a lot of assumptions about someone’s social status, education, etc. based on their area code… it’s a subtle form of social capital”
Blake doesn’t even find it necessary to discuss the 909, 562, 626, 661, 424, or the original 213. After gaining distinguishing area codes these areas may have become easier to forget. No longer able to use the illusion of the 213, Angelenos were stripped of the ability to take on a place-based identity other than their own to more appropriately engage in a social interaction.
Los Angeles County currently contains 88 cities and covers 14 different area codes, placing people and their phones in very particular spaces of the urban fabric. More area codes makes it much easier to superficially categorize spaces. Subversive cultures in Los Angeles have molded the pragmatic order to enhance society’s “’imbued public meaning’” of certain territory [8]. Los Angeles gang culture has taken particular interest in making the most of the utilitarian practice. Gangs use area codes in order to reinforce their territory. While the majority of a singular gang’s activity takes place in a smaller local area “gangs may claim ownership of wide territorial regions” for protection purposes [9]. Ideally gangs respect each other’s territory and the area code boundaries laid out previously accepted barriers for these groups to take advantage of. As a result, deeper connections have been made between area codes and gangs as many gang members consider their gang an extension of their family. It is customary in gang culture for members to carry an extreme amount of pride for not only their brothers but also the territory in the city that they ‘own’ and protect. Further personalizing the realistic nature of area codes has made pride in these 3 digit codes very visible in the city through graffiti, tattoos, and apparel, which all reinforce the capital structure that implemented the coded network.
The “abstract nature of urban and suburban development” in Los Angeles has made the use of area codes particularly important for the city [10]. Angelenos have further coded the telephone code system put in place by the North American Numbering Plan Authority. The less methodological approach to the system has been spread and accepted through popular social media and daily interactions between Angelenos themselves. Los Angeles often finds itself at the brunt of comedians’ jokes and under constant criticism or praise for its unique qualities. Sam, “The Armenian Comedian,” participated in the “Los Angeles Area Code Wars” sharing his thoughts…
In addition to social media and radio shows, music has aided in the circulation of area code identity. For example, the Los Angeles based band, Downset, has utilized the diversity, both its own and the city's, that has been publicized through area codes. The band uses an "identity-based approach" which limits it to "talking about personal and local political issues, something they do well" [11]. Allowing area codes to dictate their music makes the band controversial but it is controversy that they hope to instigate. Band member, Rey Downset, stresses the importance he places in people “knowing that I am from L.A. ‘818 Valle’ and not from Irvine. I am from the barrio-ghetto and it means much more to my identity” [Ibid]. Thus, Rey uses his passion for music as a way to express the value he places in his area code.
In addition to social media and radio shows, music has aided in the circulation of area code identity. For example, the Los Angeles based band, Downset, has utilized the diversity, both its own and the city's, that has been publicized through area codes. The band uses an "identity-based approach" which limits it to "talking about personal and local political issues, something they do well" [11]. Allowing area codes to dictate their music makes the band controversial but it is controversy that they hope to instigate. Band member, Rey Downset, stresses the importance he places in people “knowing that I am from L.A. ‘818 Valle’ and not from Irvine. I am from the barrio-ghetto and it means much more to my identity” [Ibid]. Thus, Rey uses his passion for music as a way to express the value he places in his area code.
People from the 909, which includes residents of Riverside, have seemed to catch the most flack for their area code and unlike Rey, from Downset, aren’t so quick to showcase their 909 membership. Despite the amount an individual chooses to publicize their 3-digit code, Los Angeles has heightened the meaning of area codes to a powerful level. In fact, there has been a book written about the topic, in an attempt to salvage the area's identity. Jim Stewart, originally from Orange County, attended UC Riverside and after his time in school there he wrote the book, 909 the Book, because he was tired of the poor attention the 909 code garnered for the area. Despite his efforts, even residents of the area itself highly anticipated the addition of another area code in 1992, which freed certain areas of the Riverside region from the dreaded 909 identity [12]. Even Kevin and Bean justified the severity of the situation by enlightening their listeners that…
“People [Angelenos] care about area codes because it’s another way for them to judge you, to put you in a box” –Bean Baxter [13]
Whether or not you identify with the connotation of your area code, your stuck with it. With the majority of the population hyper-obsessed with people’s perceptions of their image the city received little back lash from further segregating the Riverside region with an additional area code as most people welcomed the change. In other cases such as the 424 overlay of 2006, which pushed residents of the South Bay out of the highly esteemed 310 club, businesses and individuals protested and created a major uproar, as they feared what the new area code would do to their identity. Inevitably, the public would adapt to an identity associated with the 424, though, where the code fits within the city's hierarchy is to be discovered. Those forced to convert to 424 felt as though they had been knocked from the top of the totem pole and plummeted back to the very bottom.
Conclusion
Los Angeles has always been a unique city. Pioneering everything from urban sprawl to the use of multiple area codes, the city has forced scholars near and far to take a closer look at its make-up. Scholars, like Angelenos themselves, have failed to establish a cohesive image of the city. The diverse areas have accumulated different reputations and “whether it’s hip or embattled or affluent—the area codes suggest that [about an area]” said Kevin Starr a history professor at USC [Ibid]. Through making sense of a coded system that physically places Angelenos in a bounded area within the county, Angelenos have personalized the private sector’s system to develop a much deeper meaning for the otherwise trivial numbers. Like any city, Los Angeles has been forced to continually change, adapt, and improve in order accommodate the people, the diversity, and the technological advancements. After all, the need to adapt to a new system gave way to a system of place-based identities codified through area codes. In line with today’s fear of a city’s ability to sustain for the long-term, the North American Numbering Plan Authority is realizing that their system isn’t invincible and Los Angeles is not the only city at risk of running out of another area code. It seems that 323 numbers are becoming scarce and a return to the “OG” 213 might be necessary to preserve the national system people have personalized and become accustomed to for just a bit longer [14].
Area codes beat out the San Andreas Fault, to breaking the city, but can they outlast it?
References
[1] http://www.dictionary.com/browse/area-code
[2] https://www.nationalnanpa.com/about_us/abt_nanp.html
[3] Daskalaki, Maria, and Oli Mould. "Beyond Urban Subcultures:Urban Subversions as Rhizomatic Social Formations,"International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 37.1 (2013).
[4] Sackmann, Sonja A.. "Culture and Subcultures: An Analysis of Organizational Knowledge." (1992).
[5] Main, Kelly, and Gerardo Francisco Sandoval. "Placemaking in a Translocal Receiving Community: The Relevance of Place to Identity and Agency," Urban Studies Journal 52 (2014).
[6] Daskalaki, Maria, and Oli Mould. "Beyond Urban Subcultures:Urban Subversions as Rhizomatic Social Formations,"International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 37.1 (2013).
[7] http://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2014/02/our-numbered-days-the-evolution-of-the-area-code/283803/
[8] Main, Kelly, and Gerardo Francisco Sandoval. "Placemaking in a Translocal Receiving Community: The Relevance of Place to Identity and Agency," Urban Studies Journal 52 (2014).
[9] Brantingham, P. Jeffrey, George E. Tita, Martin B. Short, and Shannon E. Reid. "The Ecology of Gang Territorial Boundaries," Criminology 50 (2012).
[10] http://articles.latimes.com/2003/may/06/local/me-codes6
[11] http://www.prisoncensorship.info/archive/etext/bookstore/music/punk/downset.html
[12] http://articles.latimes.com/2004/jul/12/local/me-areacode12
[13] http://articles.latimes.com/2003/may/06/local/me-codes6
[14] http://www.laweekly.com/news/la-is-running-out-of-323-area-code-phone-numbers-5982904
Video Clips
[1] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B1H3U7AeQic
[2] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aPETzLyrnRc
Images
All courtesy of Google Images
Special Thanks To...
Blake Nosratian for the interview
People from the 909, which includes residents of Riverside, have seemed to catch the most flack for their area code and unlike Rey, from Downset, aren’t so quick to showcase their 909 membership. Despite the amount an individual chooses to publicize their 3-digit code, Los Angeles has heightened the meaning of area codes to a powerful level. In fact, there has been a book written about the topic, in an attempt to salvage the area's identity. Jim Stewart, originally from Orange County, attended UC Riverside and after his time in school there he wrote the book, 909 the Book, because he was tired of the poor attention the 909 code garnered for the area. Despite his efforts, even residents of the area itself highly anticipated the addition of another area code in 1992, which freed certain areas of the Riverside region from the dreaded 909 identity [12]. Even Kevin and Bean justified the severity of the situation by enlightening their listeners that…
“People [Angelenos] care about area codes because it’s another way for them to judge you, to put you in a box” –Bean Baxter [13]
Whether or not you identify with the connotation of your area code, your stuck with it. With the majority of the population hyper-obsessed with people’s perceptions of their image the city received little back lash from further segregating the Riverside region with an additional area code as most people welcomed the change. In other cases such as the 424 overlay of 2006, which pushed residents of the South Bay out of the highly esteemed 310 club, businesses and individuals protested and created a major uproar, as they feared what the new area code would do to their identity. Inevitably, the public would adapt to an identity associated with the 424, though, where the code fits within the city's hierarchy is to be discovered. Those forced to convert to 424 felt as though they had been knocked from the top of the totem pole and plummeted back to the very bottom.
Conclusion
Los Angeles has always been a unique city. Pioneering everything from urban sprawl to the use of multiple area codes, the city has forced scholars near and far to take a closer look at its make-up. Scholars, like Angelenos themselves, have failed to establish a cohesive image of the city. The diverse areas have accumulated different reputations and “whether it’s hip or embattled or affluent—the area codes suggest that [about an area]” said Kevin Starr a history professor at USC [Ibid]. Through making sense of a coded system that physically places Angelenos in a bounded area within the county, Angelenos have personalized the private sector’s system to develop a much deeper meaning for the otherwise trivial numbers. Like any city, Los Angeles has been forced to continually change, adapt, and improve in order accommodate the people, the diversity, and the technological advancements. After all, the need to adapt to a new system gave way to a system of place-based identities codified through area codes. In line with today’s fear of a city’s ability to sustain for the long-term, the North American Numbering Plan Authority is realizing that their system isn’t invincible and Los Angeles is not the only city at risk of running out of another area code. It seems that 323 numbers are becoming scarce and a return to the “OG” 213 might be necessary to preserve the national system people have personalized and become accustomed to for just a bit longer [14].
Area codes beat out the San Andreas Fault, to breaking the city, but can they outlast it?
References
[1] http://www.dictionary.com/browse/area-code
[2] https://www.nationalnanpa.com/about_us/abt_nanp.html
[3] Daskalaki, Maria, and Oli Mould. "Beyond Urban Subcultures:Urban Subversions as Rhizomatic Social Formations,"International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 37.1 (2013).
[4] Sackmann, Sonja A.. "Culture and Subcultures: An Analysis of Organizational Knowledge." (1992).
[5] Main, Kelly, and Gerardo Francisco Sandoval. "Placemaking in a Translocal Receiving Community: The Relevance of Place to Identity and Agency," Urban Studies Journal 52 (2014).
[6] Daskalaki, Maria, and Oli Mould. "Beyond Urban Subcultures:Urban Subversions as Rhizomatic Social Formations,"International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 37.1 (2013).
[7] http://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2014/02/our-numbered-days-the-evolution-of-the-area-code/283803/
[8] Main, Kelly, and Gerardo Francisco Sandoval. "Placemaking in a Translocal Receiving Community: The Relevance of Place to Identity and Agency," Urban Studies Journal 52 (2014).
[9] Brantingham, P. Jeffrey, George E. Tita, Martin B. Short, and Shannon E. Reid. "The Ecology of Gang Territorial Boundaries," Criminology 50 (2012).
[10] http://articles.latimes.com/2003/may/06/local/me-codes6
[11] http://www.prisoncensorship.info/archive/etext/bookstore/music/punk/downset.html
[12] http://articles.latimes.com/2004/jul/12/local/me-areacode12
[13] http://articles.latimes.com/2003/may/06/local/me-codes6
[14] http://www.laweekly.com/news/la-is-running-out-of-323-area-code-phone-numbers-5982904
Video Clips
[1] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B1H3U7AeQic
[2] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aPETzLyrnRc
Images
All courtesy of Google Images
Special Thanks To...
Blake Nosratian for the interview